EC 417 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EC 417 - Essay Example He stresses the point that economists and the World Bank which he represent, have great concerns about improved standards of living for poor countries which would enable people in villages like Gulvera to live better. This Easterly (2002) indicates would prevent them from being hungry and diseased. He indicates that increases in GDP per capita would translate into rising income for the poor, lifting them out of poverty. Easterly (2002) then uses the situation in Lahore to look at a number of problems facing the poorest countries compared to the richest. These include infant mortality, diseases and nutritional deficiencies. Easterly (2002) also provides an explanation of the higher infant mortality rates and provides information on the low cost per dose of oral rehydration and vaccination that would prevent these deaths and diseases; and exclaimed that despite the low cost, the extent of poverty is significant. Easterly (2002) sought to emphasize the point that wealth has positive imp lications for one’s health and indicates that findings suggest a relationship between infant mortality and economic growth which implies that the high death rate of infants in Africa in 1990 could have been prevented if the standards of living in was just a little higher than it was. In terms of assessing the poorest of the poor the Easterly points to how they are treated in the poorest countries of the world by the poor themselves and how they are described. Some of the countries mentioned are Tombouctou, commonly referred to as Timbuktu in Mali which is one of the poorest countries in the world and where a 1987 survey showed that 41% of children die before reaching age five. Easterly (2002) also gives some startling statistics on the calorie intake of the poorest 5th countries and the richest 5th countries, and notes the absence of famine in the richest countries while a 1/4th of the poorest countries faced famines in the last three decades. Easterly also looked at the oppr ession of the poor worldwide, child labor which is ignored in 88% of the countries, child prostitution and the oppression of women which takes many forms including wife beating in Jamaica. Easterly (2002) then provides a definition of poverty as: â€Å"that part of the population with incomes below $1 per day†. Easterly (2002) stresses the point that a fast growth rate will lead to fast poverty reduction as economic contraction goes along with increased poverty. Easterly (2002) also gave examples of poverty increasing significantly with severe recession in countries in West Africa as well as the effects of economic growth and economic contractions in Asia. Easterly also points to World Bank statistics that found that a change in the average income of a society led to a proportionate change in the poorest 20% of the population and suggests that the poor could improve their standard of living through the redistribution of income and economic growth. In concluding the Chapter Ea sterly points to the quest of improving the welfare of poor and re-emphasizes the importance of this to the next generation. Chapter 2 – Aid for Investment Easterly starts with a quote, this time from Shakespeare’s â€Å"Two Gentlemen of Verona† as to how something becomes a habit. The focus this time was on

Effects of Free

Effects of Free Primary Education Essay The research will investigate the effects of free primary education on learners with diverse needs in the main stream primary schools. (A case of Lilongwe Urban Schools) Identification of a sample of teachers, parents, pupils, schools. Distribution of questionnaires, conduct interviews, and observations. The Data will be conducted from four mainstream primary schools in Lilongwe district. 3. 0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1. A statement of search method. Many learners with special educational needs experience a number of challenges in the mainstream primary schools in which in some way or the other prevent them from receiving quality education. (Ministry of Education PIF Document on special needs, 2000) At a conference held at Salamanca in Spain 1994, it was declared that learners with special educational needs acquire education in their home schools. (World Declaration on Education For All, 1990). This meant that they were to be included in the mainstream schools and the schools were supposed to accommodate these learners by providing them with specialized resources so that the children acquire quality education. The introduction of free primary education in Malawi in 1994 posed a threat towards the education of learners with special educational needs in their home schools, because much as it increased access to educational opportunities for all Malawians, it brought many challenges towards the education of learners with special educational needs in mainstream schools and to the ordinary learners as well. (Ministry of Education PIF document 2000). One of the challenges emanating from the implementation of free primary education policy towards the education of learners with special educational needs is overcrowding in schools which lead to poor performance due to poor methods of teaching. Statistics indicates that in 1993, there were about 1. 6 million primary school students in Malawi. However, when free primary education was introduced in 1994, the number of students jumped to over three million (World Bank report 2004). This created a lot of problems, overcrowding in classes made teachers not to consider the needs of learners with special educational needs because there was too much work load. Teachers use poor methods of teaching as a result of overcrowding in classes and lack of resources. Teachers are failing to practice the individualized education plan meant for learners with special educational needs due to increased enrollment rates. (Ministry of Education PIF Document). This results in poor performance, high repetition rates for both learners with special educational needs and the ordinary pupils. It is thus of great importance to asses on how poor methods of teaching is a challenge to the education of learners with special educational needs. Some indications suggest that overcrowding in classrooms is pushing out pupils with special educational needs; an issue which the World Bank (2004) recommends that needs further research. Furthermore, due to overcrowding, survival rates for all learners (ordinary and those with special educational needs) have also been affected. The double/triple shifts are also making it hard for schools to plan for remedial programmes for learners with special educational needs and teachers complain of increased pupil teacher ratios. (Ministry of Education, PIF Document, 2004). Thus, it is the interest of the researcher to further assess the effects of overcrowding in classrooms towards the education of learners with special educational needs. The shortage of teaching resources is also another problem that is making the education of learners with special educational needs difficult. The shortages of teaching and learning aids worsened as a result of the implementation of free primary education. The number of pupils per text book was 2. 9 prior to Free Primary Education, declining to 7. 1 in 1994/5. Even more worrying is the fact that repetition rates are over 20%. (Riddel R. , 2003) What should be noted is that, learners with special educational needs require specialized resources for them to receive quality education. This is expensive and need expertise to use specialized materials. In this case, if the government is failing to provide learning materials for ordinary learners, what more to the provision of teaching and learning materials to learners with special educational needs. The shortage of teachers and recruitment of unqualified and untrained teachers who did not have any knowledge on special needs education was also another recipe for disaster because the needs of learners with special educational needs were not given a priority. (Ministry of Education PIF document 2000). Thus, it is reported by 1997, more than half the teachers were untrained, compared with 13% before the introduction of Free Primary Education. The World Bank Report on effects of free primary education (2004) states that this left learners with special educational needs to struggle to meet the needs of the school and not the schools meeting the needs of learners with special educational needs. As such it is to the interest of the researcher to assess on how this has led to low academic achievement to both learners with special educational needs and ordinary learners. Poor infrastructure is also another area of concern, according to an article by Ligomeka. B. (2000), it is stated that the ambitious plan by the Malawi government to boost its education levels by offering free primary education backfired, largely because of the terrible poor conditions of the country’s primary schools. Ligomeka adds to say that conditions at schools remain terrible; there has been a shortage of classrooms for the pupils, resource centers, teacher’s houses, and toilets for over a decade. The inaccessible physical environment makes it difficult for children with disabilities to survive. ( e. g. poor hygiene in toilets) Additionally, many of the preliminary surveys seem to show that the existing facilities make a mockery of the free education program. As a result, the situation of the teaching force in most of the districts is generally bad. On quality issues, the World Bank Report (2004) states that, the free primary education has produced unintended and unforeseen negative consequences. The reforms that Malawi has come up with have produced some consequences including quality issues which are of concern in Malawi. Whilst the enrolment expansion has been remarkable, the quality of education – and many would say, even the ‘value’ of education – has deteriorated. The question might be; if ordinary pupils are complaining of quality issues, what about the quality of education being offered to learners with special needs? This puts in question for the quality of education being delivered and if the needs of learners with special needs are being met. It is for this reason that the researcher would want to assess the quality of education being offered to learners with special educational needs in the mainstream primary schools with regards to the challenges emanating from the implementation of free primary education. Kadzamira and Rose (as cited at http//www. Introduction of free primary education in sub-Saharan Africa) point to the continued lack of access of some sub-groups (street children, out-of-school youth, those with special needs, orphans. ) who still face problems to meet some of their needs ( such as learning materials, food, accommodation, wheelchairs, hearing aids, and clothes) despite the education being free. As such, this has resulted in a lot of absenteeism, poor performance, a very high repetition rate and dropouts for learners with special educational needs, street children and orphans, because despite the education being free, they still have to meet other expenses such as stationary, uniforms, food, wheel chairs, and other specialized materials. (Ministry of Education PIF document 2000). The researcher therefore, would like to investigate if the needs of the above mentioned subgroups are taken into consideration by the schools. Through the reports, articles and journals, it has been discovered that the effects of free primary education worsened the problems learners with special educational needs were facing in mainstream primary schools. These problems do not only affect learners with special needs but also those without, and this has made/created a lot of learners to fall under special educational needs because their needs are not being met by the education system. In conclusion, there is evidence that free primary education brought challenges towards the education of learners with special educational needs, as such, it will be necessary to find out the extent to which the challenges are making the education of learners with special needs difficult in the mainstream primary schools, so that the feedback can be used to correct deficiencies in the schools. This research will be beneficial to teachers, schools even the researcher herself to diagnose barriers to inclusion hence coming up with strategies to reduce or eradicate the barriers. Definition of Key terms. Mainstream refers to the integration of learners with special educational needs in general education settings (Heward, 2000) Special educational needs refer to learners who require specialized instruction and different levels of support if they are to realize their full human potential, or to facilitate their academic, social, and emotional development. It also includes those coming from poor socio-economic backgrounds. (Heward 2000) Inclusion is the process of accommodating learners with special needs in the general education settings, with support services provided by the school. (Index for inclusion, 2002) Sub-questions What challenges do learners with special educational need face in the mainstream primary schools as a result of free primary education in Malawi? How do the challenges affect education provisions for learners with special educational needs? What support services are provided by parents towards the education of learners with special educational needs? 3. 2. RESEARCH METHODS The research shall be conducted using the survey strategy. 3. 3. Survey Studies Survey studies as pointed out by Cohen (2003) Is another way to get unique material. It is regarded as one of the best tool for collection of data by many scholars. Cohen added that surveys take one or two forms, questionnaires or interviews. During a survey, a researcher can ask people questions in person or draw a written questionnaire, but in either case, it is advised that questions must be phrased carefully so that people can respond easily and clearly. A Gay L. R. etal (2009) state that surveys requires the collection of standardized, quantifiable information from all members of a population or of a sample. It is from the above understanding that the researcher has seen it necessary to use this design, in the collection of data to examine on how the introduction of free primary education has affected the education of learners with special educational needs in terms of human resource, teaching and learning materials, and the quality of education being provided. 3. 4. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE The following instruments will be used for data collection: Questionnaires, interviews, and observations. 3. 4. 1Questionnaire. A questionnaire is a written collection of survey questions to be answered by a selected group of research participants. (Gay L. R. etal). And it is a widely used and useful instrument for collecting survey information. However, Bell (1993) warns that one needs to ensure that the questionnaire is well designed in order to give the researcher the information needed, acceptable to subjects and that will not give problems at the analysis and interpretation stage. The questionnaire will contain both open ended questions and closed questions. Among the advantages of a questionnaire is that it is cheap compared to interviews, and can be used to collect data from a large sample without the researchers presence, and one of the disadvantages is that respondents can delay information and could be difficult to make follow ups. (Cohen, 2003). To minimize errors, the researcher will make sure that questionnaires be taken for supervision before distribution to ensure that they are clear. The researcher shall follow guidelines for writing effective questions, such as avoiding complex questions, avoid irritating questions or instructions, just to mention a few. Cohen (2003). And in this study, a sample of ten teachers and Primary School Education Advisor (PEA) will be given questionnaires. See appendix,( item number 2 a,2b). 3. 4. 2Focused Interviews Interviews are an oral, in person question and answer session between a researcher and an individual respondent. (Gay L. R. etal 2009) Here, the researcher will use focused interviews. Ary D. etal (2002), describes focused interviews as those where the researcher ask questions designed to draw out subjects’ responses on a topic of interest. Subjects are free to answer in their own words rather than having to choose from pre-determined, open ended format, this permits greater flexibility and responsiveness to emerging issues for the participants. Among the advantages of interviews as pointed out by Donald etal (2002) is that, a researcher gets instant feedback, participants are able to ask for clarity, and the researcher probes participants where ever necessary. Donald adds to say that interviews enable an interviewer to get information concerning opinions, beliefs, attitudes and feelings in relation to certain questions. Hence making a researcher acquire rich information from respondents which will make the research to be standard. Nevertheless, the disadvantage of interviews is that it could be time consuming to both the researcher and the participant; it is expensive in terms of travel costs and materials, besides it is also difficult for individuals to articulate their feelings in a one to one interview. As such focused interviews will be conducted with head teachers, experienced teachers (those with over 16 years experience), parents, ordinary learners, and learners with special educational needs. The researcher shall prepare a list of standardized questions ahead of time and shall be taken for supervision to minimize errors. Furthermore, the researcher will make herself available at a time that is convenient for the respondents. The researcher shall begin by sending a letter of Identification, requesting an interview with the Primary School Education Advisor (PEA), head teachers, teachers, parents and pupils and specify the sort of information needed. See appendix ( item no. 1. a,1. b, 1. c, 1. d) 3. 4. 3Observations. Cohen (2003), states that observation data are attractive as they afford the researcher the opportunity to gather â€Å"live† data from â€Å"live† situation. The researcher will observe, teaching methods, attitude of teachers and peers, classroom organization, and availability of resources. Cohen continues to say that observation makes data to be reliable and generalization can be made. Stringer (2004) also points out that observations principle purpose is to familiarize researchers with the context in which issues and events are played out, however, Gay R.L. (2009) warns that researchers that when obtaining observations there should be objectives, unbiased and accurate in the sense that the observer has avoided influencing the behavior of respondents. The disadvantage of observation according to Alkins Encyclopedia of Education Research (1992) is that it more naturalistic and researchers are not constrained by what is in a checklist or rating scale. If an observation is well planned and carried out, it can give both qualitative and quantitative data. Observation has limitations on bias to an extent that the individual perceptions and interpretations of the observer, influenced by previous experience, affect the recording of the behavior, (ibid p. 271). However, the researcher will be aware of this problem so that learners with special educational needs be observed thoroughly in order to detect their difficulties which they face in mainstream primary schools. Observations shall be carried out in all the primary schools. See appendix (item no. 3). 3. 5. Population Sample This involves identification of a sample of schools, teachers, parents, and pupils, from the schools. Three mainstream primary schools in Lilongwe urban will be selected for the collection of data. Schools will be selected based on their experience in the education of learners with special educational needs. Teachers shall be selected according experience (those with more than 16 years experience prior to the introduction of free primary education). Pupils will be selected based on their age and class. (Will start from standard 3 up to 8 and within the age range of 9-15) the Primary School Education Advisor will also be contacted to answer a few questions and parents will be selected based on proximity (those living around the school and available). A total of six Learners with special educational needs and six ordinary learners will be interviewed from each school, will al so be interviewed, a total of eight teachers will be given questionnaires and two teachers will be interviewed, all the head teachers will be interviewed, and Observations by the researcher will also be carried out in all schools. The reason behind this sample is: To find out teacher perceptions on how free primary education has undermined the quality of education being offered to learners with special educational needs. To know how involved parents are in the education of their children. To find out from learners on the challenges they face in the classroom and how this is affecting their academic achievement. To find out from Primary school Education Advisor if the government is aware of such problems and necessary measures are taken to minimize the effects. 4. 5DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is one of the things the prepared researcher needs to consider. It involves filing and organizing data collected (Cohen 2003). Gay etal (2009) add to say that the planning of data analysis will need to consider the organization, accounting for and explaining the data; It indicates what needs to be done with the data when they have been collected and how will the data be processed and analyzed, additionally, it shows how the results of the analysis will be verified, cross-checked and validated. (Bell 1993). In analyzing data, the researcher will re- write notes as soon as possible after making a set of observation. Full notes shall be typed and two copies of the notes shall be produced so that the other copy should act as a backup. The files shall be created in chronological order of events including notations of the dates and times they were made. Ultimately, observations shall be analyzed and interpreted to find the underlying meaning in the things observed. And the organization and filing of notes is the first step in discovering that meaning. (Donald A, etal 2002) All the results from different participants shall be analyzed and interpreted cordially, and data will be presented in the form of tables, type written text and charts. 3. 6Reliability and Validity According Kubiszyn T. etal (1996), reliability refers to an extent where similar results are obtained from different samples and after using different methods of data collection. Cohen (2003), states that validity is an important key to effective research, because if a piece of research is invalid then it is worthless. He further points out that that validity of research results refers to the extent where the research measures what it was intended to measure. The extent of triangulation is also another form of validity. To ensure reliability, the researcher, will use different tools of data collection, use standardized questions in both questionnaires and interviews and will make sure that the questions should be in line with the research question to ensure validity. 3. 7 LIMITATIONS Ethical issues, travel cost and time will be taken as some of the barriers to this study, nevertheless, ways will be found to deal with these problems. To overcome the problem of travel costs, the researcher started saving money meant for this purpose, where there will be a shortage, it will be required to ask for funds from guardians. To deal with ethical issues, the researcher will try by all means to be careful in the use of language so as not to harm participants psychologically because this might affect the outcome. The researcher will also take the interview and questionnaire questions for supervision to make sure that language used does not offend the participants. In the case of time, where the researcher will be on a short holiday and at the same time collecting data, appointments for interviews, observations and distribution of questionnaires. The researcher shall make herself available at a time convenient to the participants. Prompts/follow up shall be made in the case of questionnaires so that all the data should be ready before the holiday ends. To avoid doubts from participants, a letter of identification shall be obtained from the Special Needs Department of the Catholic University of Malawi. People will be assured of privacy and the research shall seek parental/teacher consent before interviewing learners below the age of fifteen. REFERENCE Ary Donald. Lucy Cheser Jacobs. Asghar Razaviah. (2002), Introduction to Research in Education, Thomson Learning, Belmet. Bell J (1993), Doing your Research Project. A guide for first research in Education and social science. Suffolk, st Edmunds bury press. Cohen L. etal (2003). Research Methods in Education. Prentice-hall Inc, New York. EFA Global Monitoring Report @ http:// www. EFA report @ unesco. org. Gay L. R. , Geoffrey E. Mills, Peter Airasian. (2009), Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Applications. Pearson Education, Inc; New Jersey. Heward W. L. (2000). Exceptional Children: an introduction to special education. Prentice-hall, New York. (http://www. aft. org/research/rel-site. htm) (http: //www. World Bank report on effects of free primary education. org. ) Riddell R. (2003) The introduction of Free Primary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa Report. Ministry of Education (PIF document on Special Needs Education in Malawi, 2000) IRINA MANJOMO CALENDAR FOR DESSERTATION MONTH YEAR DATE ACTIVITY JUNE-2010 15-20 25-30 Writing letters to institutions where data will be corrected. Distribution of questionnaires for data collection and making appointments for interviews JULY -2010 Data collection, Data analysis and data entry. AUGUST- 2010 1-17 Data analysis and entry. 18-23 Editing analysed data, submission. 24-25 Meeting the supervisor 25-31 Literature Review SEPTEMBER-2010 3-13 Writing of chapter two (Lit. Review) begins ends 14-15 Meeting the supervisor 16-19 corrections 22-29 Writing of chapter III submission 29-30 Meeting the supervisor OCTOBER-2010 1-4 Corrections 7-14 Writing chapter IV submission 15 Meeting the supervisor 15-17 Corrections 19-25 Writing Chapter V and VI submission 26-27 Meeting the supervisor 28-30 Corrections NOVEMBER-2010 2-9 Writing Ch. 1 submission 11-14 Meeting supervisor corrections 16-21 22-23 Writing first Draft of Dissertation submission corrections DECEMBER-2010 24-30 1-3 Writing 2nd Draft of Dissertation submission 5-7 Meeting supervisor JANUARY-2011 Making Corrections on the Dissertation draft FEBRUARY-2011 13-18 Defending the Dissertation 21-23 Making corrections submission MARCH-2011 1-3 Meeting the supervisor 3-20 Making final corrections on the Dissertation Draft. APRIL- 2011 Writing the final copy of the Dissertation begins and ends. MAY-2011 16-23 submission to the supervisor

Reality of Unification Theory

Reality of Unification Theory Introduction Unification means: finding the similarities, finding the limiting physical constants, finding the key numbers, coupling the key physical constants, coupling the key physical concepts, coupling the key physical properties, minimizing the number of dimensions, minimizing the number of inputs. This is a very lengthy process. In all these cases observations, interpretations, experiments and imagination play a key role. The main difficulty is with interpretations and observations. At fundamental level understanding the observed new coincidences and confirming the observed coincidences seem to be a very tough job. Constructing semi empirical relations among the physical constants of various interdisciplinary branches of physics with all possible interpretations may help in resolving the issues. Which way/method is the best will be decided by future experiments, observations and interpretations. As it is interconnected with all branches of physics, ‘semi empirical approach’ se ems be the easiest and shortcut way. It sharpens and guides human thinking ability in understanding the reality of unification. For any theoretical concept or mathematical model or semi empirical relation, ‘workability’ is more important than its inner beauty and ‘workability’ is the base of any semi empirical approach. In this paper by introducing the unified mass unit the authors made an attempt to fit and understand the origin of the nuclear charge radius, the Planck’s constant and the strong coupling constant in a unified approach that connects gravity and strong interaction via the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of proton and electron. Finally by considering the proton rest energy and the nuclear charge radius the authors made an attempt to fit the semi empirical mass formula energy coefficients in a very simple way. To fit the nuclear charge radius, the Planck’s constant and the strong coupling constant It is well known that e, c and G play a vital role in fundamental physics. With these 3 constants space-time curvature concepts at a charged particle surface can be studied. Similar to the Planck mass an interesting unified mass unit can be constructed in the following way. (1) Note that plays a crucial role in microscopic physics as well cosmology. It is having a long history. It was first introduced by the physicist George Johnstone Stoney [1]. He is most famous for introducing the term ‘electron’as the ‘fundamental unit quantity of electricity’. With this mass unit in unification program with a suitable proportionality it may be possible to represent the characteristic mass of any elementary charge. It can be considered as the seed of galactic matter or galactic central black hole. It can also be considered as the seed of any cosmic structure. If 2 such oppositely charged particles annihilates, a large amount of energy can be released. It is well assumed that free space is a reservoir for pair particles creation. If so under certain extreme conditions at the vicinity of massive stars or black holes, a very high energy radiation can be seen to be emitted by the virtue of pair annihilation of . Note that the basic concept of uni fication is to understand the origin of ‘mass’ of any particle. Mass is the basic property in ‘gravitation’ and charge is the basic property in ‘atomicity’. So far no model established a cohesive relation in between ‘electric charge’ and ‘mass’ of any ‘elementary particle’. From astrophysics point of view the fundamental questions to be answered are: 1) Without charge, is there any independent existence to ‘mass’ of any star? 2) Is black hole – a neutral body or electrically a neutralized body? To understand these questions the authors made an attempt to construct the above unified mass unit. The subject of final unification is having a long history. After the nucleus was discovered in 1908, it was clear that a new force was needed to overcome the electrostatic  repulsion of the positively charged  protons. Otherwise the nucleus could not exist. Moreover, the force had to be strong enough to squeeze the protons into a volume of size 10−15 meter. In general the word‘strong’is used since the strong interaction is the â€Å"strongest† of the four fundamental forces. Its observed strength is around 102 times that of the  electromagnetic force, some 105times as great as that of the  weak force, and about 10 39 times that of  gravitation. The aim of unification is to understand the relation that connects ‘gravity’, ‘mass’, ‘charge’ and the ‘microscopic space-time curvature’. Many scientists addressed this problem in different ways [2-4]. The authors also made many attempts in their previousl y published papers [5-11]. Experimentally observed nuclear charge radius [12-15] can be fitted with the following strange and simple unified relation. (2) Here can be considered as the Schwarzschild radius [16,17] of the proposed new mass unit . (3) Whether the expression playing a ‘key unified role’ or ‘only a fitting role’ to be confirmed. With a great accuracy the famous Planck’s constant can be fitted with the following relation. (4) Recommended value of and the error is 0.189%. From relations (1) and (2) above relation can be simplified into the following simple form. (5) Comparing this with the standard definition, (6) where is the fine structure ratio. Let (7) Proceeding further qualitatively and quantitatively currently believed strong coupling constant [18] can be fitted with the following relation. (8) Its recommended value is 0.11847 and uncertainty is ppb. Now the characteristic nuclear force can be expressed as follows. (9) Note that can be considered as the limiting magnitude of any kind of force. Similarly can be considered as the limiting magnitude of any kind of power [1,20,21]. To fit and co-relate the semi empirical mass formula energy coefficients In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula is used to approximate the mass and various other properties of an atomic nucleus. As the name suggests, it is based partly on theory and partly on empirical measurements [23-24]. The theory is based on the liquid drop model proposed by George Gamow, which can account for most of the terms in the formula and gives rough estimates for the values of the coefficients. It was first formulated in 1935 by German physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker, and although refinements have been made to the coefficients over the years, the structure of the formula remains the same today. In the following formulae, let be the total number of nucleons, Z the number of protons, and the number of neutrons. The mass of an atomic nucleus is given by (10) where and are the rest mass of a proton and a neutron, respectively, and is the binding energy of the nucleus. The semi-empirical mass formula states that the binding energy will take the following form. (11) Its modern representation is (12) Here = volume energy coefficient, is the surface energy coefficient, is the coulomb energy coefficient, is the asymmetry energy coefficient and is the pairing energy coefficient. By maximizing with respect to , one can find the number of protons of the stable nucleus of atomic weight as, (13) This is roughly for light nuclei, but for heavy nuclei there is an even better agreement with nature. Now with the following two energy units semi empirical mass formula energy coefficients can be fitted in the following way. Let (14) where, (15) The coulombic energy coefficient can be expressed as (16) The asymmetry energy coefficient can be expressed as (17) The pairing energy coefficient can be expressed as (18) The surface energy coefficient can be expressed as (19) The volume energy coefficient can be expressed as (20) Thus (21) For light and heavy atoms (including super heavy stable isotopes), proton-nucleon stability relation can be expressed with the following semi empirical relation. Clearly speaking by considering its corresponding stable mass number can be estimated directly. (22) where can be considered as the stable mass number of (23) Please see table-1 for fitting the proton number and its corresponding stable mass number. Table-1: To fit the stable mass numbers of S.No 1 21 44.8 2 29 63.3 3 37 82.6 4 47 107.9. 5 53 123.9 6 60 142.8 7 69 168.0 8 79 197.3 9 83 209.4 10 92 237.3 11 100 263.0 12 112 303.0 13 118 323.7 See table-2 for the comparison of the semi empirical mass formula energy coefficients. See table-3 for the calculated semi empirical mass formula nuclear binding energy. Table-2: Existing and proposed SEMF binding energy coefficients Existing energy coefficients Proposed energy coefficients Table-3: To fit the SEMF binding energy with the proposed energy coefficients in MeV in MeV 26 56 490.9 492.254 28 62 544.8 545.259 34 84 725.3 727.341 50 118 1005.6 1004.950 60 142 1184.3 1185.145 79 197 1562.9 1559.40 82 208 1634.8 1636.44 92 238 1818.9 1801.693 Discussion and conclusions The main object of unification is to understand the origin of elementary particles rest mass, magnetic moments and their forces. Right now and till today ‘string theory’ with 4 + 6 extra dimensions not in a position to explain the unification of gravitational and non-gravitational forces. More clearly speaking it is not in a position to bring down the Planck scale to the nuclear size. Note that  general relativity  does not throw any light on the ‘mass generation’ of charged particles. It only suggests that space-time is curved near the massive celestial objects. More over it couples the cosmic (dust) matter with geometry. But how matter/dust is created? Why and how elementary particle possesses both charge and mass? Such types of questions are not being discussed in the frame work of general relativity. The first step in unification is to understand the origin of the  rest mass  of a charged elementary particle. Second step is to understand the combined effects of its electromagnetic (or charged) and gravitational interactions. Third step is to understand its behavior with surroundings when it is created. Fourth step is to understand its behavior with cosmic space-time or other particles. Right from its birth to death, in all these steps the underlying fact is that whether it is a strongly interacting particle or weakly interacting particle, it is having some rest mass. To understand the first two steps somehow one can implement the gravitational constant in sub atomic physics. In this regard can be considered as the nature’s given unified mass unit. To bring down the  Planck mass  scale to the observed elementary particles mass scale certainly a large scale factor is required. In this regard, the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of proton and electron can be considered as the nature’s given universal scale factor. Thinking positively the proposed relations for fitting the nuclear charge radius, the Planck’s constant and strong the coupling constant can be considered for further analysis positively.

Marketing Chester Zoo to 16-to-24-year-olds Essay -- Business and Mana

Marketing Chester Zoo to 16-to-24-year-olds At the moment, Chester Zoo is the leading zoo in the country. It is a non-profit organisation and its mission is to support and promote conservation by breeding threatened animals, providing excellent animal welfare, high quality public service, recreation, education and science. Currently, their main source of income is from the admissions (see appendix 2B) Currently, the zoo is facing a marketing problem: The 16-24 year old age group is not visiting the zoo as much as expected to. (See appendix 7B) My task is to analyse the situation and come up with a solution. I shall do this by looking at the marketing strategy of Chester Zoo. Marketing is a continuous process of learning about and understanding a business’ customers and competitors, anticipating their customer needs, providing a suitable product at the right place, with the right price and the right promotion to attract customers. A marketing strategy is a plan that is evaluated carefully, for the future marketing of a business. It takes into account the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, together with the 4P’s (Price, Product, Place and Promotion), with these two areas in mind, a suitable plan is thought out. In this case, Chester Zoo will be looking to improve their marketing strategy to attract and keep more 16-24 year olds. My main research methods will be by: -Going to the zoo and interviewing the staff there. This is for me to judge the level of their service without any bias from other sources. -Consulting a range of sources, which have both primary and secondary evidence, including articles of quality from different media. This will help me see any trends over the years, and hopefully, their weaknesses and strengths. -I will also conduct a survey in form of a questionnaire aimed at 16-24 year olds. This will be to get a better perspective of the situation, to understand the reason behind the low visiting rate by this age group, anticipate their needs, and hopefully as an eye-opener to the solution. -Reading through various news report (related to Chester Zoo) -Reading about / visiting some of Chester Zoo’s key competitors to understand / see how they attract their customers of this age group. -Consulting some relevant business textbooks to further understand and improve my knowledge, especially about m... ...rket was students, so a ‘Student Card’ could be used. But what about the non-students? Some people may feel like their privacy is being intruded upon if they have to prove their age before gaining entrance into a zoo; as a result, they may choose to go elsewhere, and Chester Zoo would lose out. Some forms of identification could be false/ forged without the knowledge of Chester Zoo, and unfair entrance gained. There’s also a potential risk of losing customers from the other sectors, especially if they feel that the zoo has â€Å"changed†- they may lose the familiarity they already have. If Chester Zoo decides to carry out this scheme temporarily, when they revert to their â€Å"usual† fees, there is a chance that this situation will go back to the old problem of the 16-24 year olds not visiting as expected to but they may have retained some of the age group who may be visiting them regularly. As with most ventures, this is risky and daring. In theory, my proposal should work well, and serve to improve Chester Zoo’s marketing strategy. However, in practicality, this may not be the case, and in the end it will be up to Chester Zoo to decide whether or not this proposal is worth executing.

The Role Technology Plays in Today’s Society

After the Industrial Revolution, human beings came to a new era, which has brought about a drastic change to the whole world in all aspects of life, noticeably in the technological field, whose progress has been by leaps and bounds, and made what formerly believed impossible become a possible. It is obvious that there is a rush toward modern technology for teaching as well as learning nowadays. Learners, especially students have been very quick at embracing technology as the means to reach the most up-dated information in order to open themselves to the world as well as to see how the world touches them.Technology is used to enhance human beings physically and intellectually, however many people is discovering that that technology is a two-edged sword; the benefits are equally balanced by the downsides. It is said that particular jobs will inevitably disappear as a result of technological advancements threatening the importance of the job. Today, many jobs such as ATMs replace bank t ellers, answering machines replace operators, and insightful descriptions of the product on Internet shopping sites replace salesmen.Many have considered the downsides to technology and decided that IT advancements are not all beneficial to society. Even though machines and technology have replaced the jobs that were once done by human beings, the jobs have not been eliminated; they are merely changed in a way that humans no longer carry on the task. Technology has also changed jobs in a way so that it makes it easier to human beings to do their work. An example is how humans exploit the usefulness of machines to mass-produce products and food.Engineers are also hired to develop ways in order to enhance the already existing technology. Despite social issues surrounding the idea of computers replacing humans, many people would agree that if a job is taken over by a machine that is incapable of independent thought, the job is not suitable for a human being who have the ability to do s o. Technology helps eradicate useless jobs and decreases labor costs, but it also creates new jobs. An example of this is the manufacturing of the actual technology and the computer specialists hired to put the technology to use.In our never-ceasing quest for progression and expansion, it seems taken for granted that technological advancement is a positive phenomenon. Amidst the hysteria, however, lies the forgotten fact that the latest development is not necessarily what is best for society. We are encouraged to believe that faster, more complex and superior technology will be beneficial to us in some way. Technology has many positive aspects but, in the wrong hands, it can become dangerous.Technology is a valuable tool but is somewhat misused by today’s teens. The two main forms of technology affecting teenagers – cell phones and the Internet – have brought about major changes in our lifestyle. This technology has allowed teens to have inane communications and in doing so, contributes to the ‘dumbing down’ of society. We spend more time corresponding with our friends on cell phones and the Internet than we do working or participating in activities which expand and challenge

Daeodon (Dinohyus) - Facts and Figures

Daeodon (Dinohyus) - Facts and Figures Name: Daeodon; pronounced DIE-oh-don; also known as Dinohyus (Greek for terrible pig) Habitat: Plains of North America Historical Epoch: Miocene (23-5 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 12 feet long and one ton Diet: Omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; quadrupedal posture; long, narrow head with bony warts    About Daeodon (Dinohyus) Chalk up another cool name thats been lost to the technicalities of science: the giant prehistoric porker formerly, and fittingly, known as Dinohyus (Greek for terrible pig) has now reverted back to an earlier moniker, the far less awesome Daeodon. Tipping the scales at a full ton, this Miocene pig was roughly the size and weight of a modern rhinoceros or hippopotamus, with a broad, flat, warthog-like face complete with warts (actually fleshy wattles supported by bone). As you might already have guessed, Daedon was closely related to the slightly earlier (and slightly smaller) Entelodon, also known as the Killer Pig, both of these genera  huge, opportunistic, omnivorous mammalian megafauna, the former native to North America and the latter to Eurasia. One odd feature of Daeodon was its nostrils, which were splayed out toward the sides of its head, rather than facing forwards as in modern pigs. One possible explanation for this arrangement is that Daeodon was a hyena-like scavenger rather than an active hunter, and needed to pick up scents from as wide a range as possible in order to home in on already-dead and rotting carcasses. Daeodon was also equipped with heavy, bone-crushing jaws, another classic scavenging adaptation similar to that of roughly contemporary bone-crushing canids, and its sheer one-ton bulk would have intimidated smaller predators from trying to protect their newly killed prey.

how hitler rose to power essays

how hitler rose to power essays In my belief on my knowledge and what I've read and heard about Hitler, I think that Hitler came to power by his words what Germany's econmical situation was. At the time Germany had just lost World War I and was in a depression frome the reparations the the Allies of WWI demanded for the damages Germany caused. During this time many political factions were fighting for power of Germany. Among these parties were Capitalists, Socialists, Communists, and a small new group called the German Workers Party. Adolf Hitler was a quiet Corporal in the 2nd Regimant in the German Army. The nhe was given an assignment along with a few other men from his regiment.This assignment was to enter a meeting of a small group calling themselves the German Workers Party. On September 20, 1919 Adolf and a few others dressed in civilian clothes and attended the meeteing. during the meeting Gottfried Feder was giving a speach titled " How and by what means is capitalism to be eliminated?' After the speach a man rose up and spoke in favor of the German State of Bavaria breaking away from Germany. An enraged Hitler spoke forcefully for fifteen minutes to the astonishment of everyone. One of the founders named Anton Drexler whispered "...he's got the gift of gab. We could use him." Andon then gave Adolf a forty page pamphlet entitled, "My Political Awakening." In Mein Kampf, Hitler describes the condition of the party... "...aside from a few directives, there was nothing, no program, no leaflet, no printing matter at all, no membership cards, not even a miserable rubber stamp..." Young Adolf saw opprotunity in this little unorganized party. After two days of thinking Hitler decides to joing the German Workers Party. In 1919 at the age of thirt, Hitler began a frenzied effort to succeed. The German Workers Party mainly consisted of an executive committe which had seven members including Hitler. By now you ask, how did Hitl...

I heard that it started when a bloke called Archie Duke shot an ostrich because he was hungry. Essays

I heard that it started when a bloke called Archie Duke shot an ostrich because he was hungry. Essays I heard that it started when a bloke called Archie Duke shot an ostrich because he was hungry. Paper I heard that it started when a bloke called Archie Duke shot an ostrich because he was hungry. Paper There are few historical debates that have aroused such controversy as that of the causes and origins of World War One. There is an abundance of sources, both reliable and not so, and the blame for the war has been thrown around and indeed at everybody involved. Unlike the Second World War, where Germany is generally accepted as being to blame, WW1 is steeped in disagreement even to this day. Unfortunately for the historian, the blame for the war simply depends on who you ask. Britain, Germany, France, Russia, even capitalism itself have strong arguments against them. A problem one faces when investigating the crisis is that each argument does have its strong points, and, if approached unwarily, each could be accepted as the main cause of the war.Perhaps it is not surprising, then, that Baldrick should become a little confused as to the state of affairs. It accepted that at the time of the war, many Tommies and indeed civilians were unclear as to the reasons for conflict. The obvious point Baldrick is referring to is the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June of 1914. This short term cause was accepted by many at the time to be the main cause of the war, but I believe this is only because of the events proximity to war itself, and media hype (the British popular press becoming prominent in the late eighteen hundreds).I do not question the fact that the death of Ferdinand contributed to the start of the war, but I believe that war would have broken out if the assassination had not taken place. It was, we must remember, the state of international affairs which made Ferdinands death so significant in the first place. For example, the Black Hand, the organisation to which Gavro Princip, Ferdinands killer belonged, had been formed to aid the creation of a Greater Serbia. I think that this is evidence that international diplomacy, although perhaps not so dramatic (and accessible to the masses), played the key role in the start of war.I think that, as has been refle cted in the media coverage of war in Iraq, peoples ideas of the causes and justification of war are largely influenced by the popular press. As is the same now, different newspapers had different opinions on the war. The most prominent papers, such as The Daily Mail, promoted the idea of the evil hun, skewering babies on bayonets and suchlike, and the idea was generally accepted by the British public. I think it is the presss influence which is largely responsible for the public perception of war, but with the extremely useful tool known as hindsight, we can see the whole picture.Marxist historians state Imperial rivalry and capitalism as the underlying causes of war. I agree with the idea that Imperialism significantly contributed to the war. The fact that there was a fairly hefty rivalry between nations is clear from their aggressive actions overseas, with the major powers such as Britain and Germany scrabbling to obtain and retain significant areas around the globe. The Marxist t heory, however, goes on to say that the acquisition of new territory led capitalists to look for new markets abroad, which in turn encouraged governments to obtain more and more land, adding to the tensions between states.They claim that this ultimately led to war. I disagree with this theory, one, because the hostilities in Africa and Asia never truly threatened international war, and two, because I think that business heads at the time were keen to encourage amiable relations between states, with trading between nations truly coming into is own at this time. Fritz Fischer, a prominent German historian, claimed that all of the nations international diplomacy was ruled by domestic policy. I disagree with this statement. If we look at the political circumstances of the nations at the time, I think it is clear that the general public were not adequately empowered to influence diplomacy. For example, Germany, who had more voters than any other country, parliament had no actual power ov er the government. This meant that although public opinion was probably taken into consideration, it is unlikely that her actions were actually dictated by the masses.It is my opinion that the First World War was not caused by a single event. It may be fair to say that Ferdinands assassination sparked the war, but I find it incredulous to think that this one spark was the actual cause of a world war. I think that the reasons for war are numerous and interlinked; a patchwork quilt if you will of diplomacy and economy. The treaties and agreements at the time the Franco-Russian alliance of 1892 (although it was not made public until 1918), the triple entente, the German-Habsburg alliance of 1879, and the various trade treaties at the time all set the stage for war. So was war inevitable?I believe so, although I think that the circumstances of war could have been very different. I think that the rise of Germany itself thanks to Bismarck, and the amazing acceleration of production there , was bound to lead to competition with another state. The theory of Social Darwinism; that if you are not growing you are dying (originally invented by English philosopher Herbert Spencer), could be argued to be illustrated by the actions of Germany and Britain during the naval arms race. Their expansion, both militarily and territorially, I think is fair to say was only down to competition with each other; Britain had been a clear leader in Europe, and had no real need to expand other than to prevent a rival close to home.There is an idea that if Britain had made its stance clear during the July crisis in 1914 (we must remember that the triple entente was only an informal agreement, rather than a binding alliance), then Germany would not have gone to war with France. I think that this is plausible, as Germany would certainly have been reluctant to fight such a close rival, but I retain the belief that war would have taken place, if not that month, perhaps not in 1914, but at some point in the near future.So how close was Baldrick to the truth? It could be argued that he is right in saying the war started when Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, but I think it would be wrong to say it started because of his death. The tangled web of alliances in Europe at the time ensured that if one country went down, they all went down. Because of this I believe that if Princip had not shot Ferdinand and his wife, there would have been another incident to act as a catalyst to war.

Using international entrepreneurship to drive a small business Dissertation

Using international entrepreneurship to drive a small business - Dissertation Example The concerned company which is now in consideration is Crave Outsourcing Group. A group of very professional individual which is a rapidly growing outsourcing firm specialized in providing integrated outsourcing solutions to small and medium sized businesses (SMB) and blue-chip clients in the UK, Nigeria and across the globe.This is founded in April in 2008 which is a largely growing private firm. There are three directors Femi Odunmbaku Alexander Ihebuzor Seun Akinpelu A three successful professional striving hard to achieve their goal in achieving the edge on others companies and off course they had suffered hard yet managed to cop up with the challenges they have faced during last year’s. As the rapid decrease has been seen in the sales of this firm. It is calculated that the turnover of this company for the year 2010 was UK - ?85,000 Approx (fiscal 2010). This company has managed to retain a god position still in the market by holding a valuable place in a commercial area in London as the company headquarters. The main objective to write this innovative report is to share the crises the company has faced and to identify the core issue and manage to find out the solution. The companies was in crises since 2010 the third year f its operational working company experience the disaster as tremendous change in the sale. Its sales low down up to a significant figure. in this report we will discuss all the features. Objectives: The biggest question and objective to run a successful business lies on the core question like How to effectively and successfully operate an organization. It requires an extensive amount of training, skills, knowledge and experience yet an intelligent investment. Although organizations over time have become very complex and competitive and using every mean to get an edge over others. The company managers must understand the concept of management in order to effectively run an organization. It takes a lot of savvy and skills to superv ise employees and run an organization. The company who faces crises up and cannot stand against those crises has the biggest reason in form of lack of management skills and timely correct decisions. Managers, Supervisors and skilled or technical staff are some of the most important individuals in an organization. As they set the tone and culture for an organization. They have to get the employees to buy into the culture and policy of the organization. Furthermore, the manager is responsible for solving problems and motivate the employees to achieve the target. They also have the responsibility to make sure that employees are working effectively. They must also strive to make sure the organization is profiting or providing a quality service. Supervisors should possess leadership characteristics. They must be able to recognize the strength and weakness in their followers. Also, a manager must be able to delegate responsibilities and motivate their employees. They should have good comm unication skills and know how to read their employees. "Nothing is more exciting than growing a prosperous business, but nothing is more dangerous for a prosperous business than growth." - Steve Meisenheimer The main objective of this report is to cover all and every aspect which evolves in making an organization. Like What should your new organization look like? What is the performance of the company? The yearly revenue generated by the company. What are the key factors involved in the success or failure of the policies The core factors evolve in the failure and lower revenue What are the successful strategies companies had or should have When should you add each new position? How will you manage the new hires? What education and skills should each of them have? What contribution should you expect from each employee? Can you afford all the new people you'll need? Even for those successful companies, answering these questions can be taxing, if not overwhelming. You might agree, howe ver, that these questions should be answered before you begin the

Strategic Management in Burberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Management in Burberry - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Burberry is focusing on cost-effective measures and maintenance of quality. Burberry promotes efficient sourcing of goods and competitive prices. The strategic team of Burberry group has a clear plan for creating brand awareness and sustained brand aura. The apparel company is investing in a diversification of product lines. Burberry is using technological innovation to cope with the changing consumer needs. The management personnel is developing software has made it easy to monitor progress and superior designs besides marketing the products. Unlike in the last many decades, it is harder to earn consumer loyalty in the modern times. This means that the company needs to work extra hard to maintain the high standards of the brand. This shall entail changing the products lines and options. This shall make the consumers feel accommodated. The constant evaluation of the product lines makes the organization to adjust to the evolving needs of the customers. The company needs to expand the product portfolio. This entails removing outdated parts of the product line. Burberry must constantly research on their products in order to update the product lines. Burberry has had a strong brand over the years. This can cause the company to win awards and consumer loyalty. However, the competition from emerging companies and rivals has caused the company to reinvent its marketing and operational strategies. The company is using celebrities, promotions, and advisement to appeal to customer besides establishing its brand through durable and competitive products. The company has enormous opportunities for expanding the product lines and targeting all classes in the society in increasing its revenues. Burberry is globally renowned for influencing the luxury sector. The organization plays a principal role in designing and marketing the market-wear by women and men. The company also specializes in the children wear categories. The company had a robust distr ibution network that entails diversified retail stores. The company has invested in wholesale and other licensing channels globally. The organization operates it businesses by channels, regions, and products. The Burberry group has strong distribution systems in Spain, Asia, Europe and Americas through selective distributive channels. Burberry has licensed third parties for the process of production and distribution of products that carry its trademark. The head-quarter of the company is in London, United Kingdom. The purpose of this essay is to review the strategic management of Burberry group.

Genetic testing for overall population health Assignment

Genetic testing for overall population health - Assignment Example On the downside, genetic testing could further complicate people’s lives in regards to their health status. It is likely that genetic tests will lead to the realization of genetic conditions that leave patients worried over their health. Such an observation negates the prospects of genetic testing. On the same note, genetic conditions and/or disorders that previously received no serious attention, or those that are not necessarily threatening, could now become the new focus of healthcare practitioners. This could translate to increased costs of healthcare, medical research, and development. Moreover, an ethical concern in this matter relates to possible interference with an individual’s natural and biological genome. For a nurse, it is important to create awareness and promote legal and ethical practices as far as genetic testing is concerned. In essence, nursing plays an important role in promoting overall population health (DeNisco & Barker, 2013). In this respect, a nurse with advanced knowledge is a key driver of the prospects of genetic testing. The idea is to ensure that nurses work under mutual grounds with their patients to ensure proper genetic testing and improved population

Eco-Centric Valuation of Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eco-Centric Valuation of Nature - Essay Example The source document of the definition of sustainable development is the Brundtland Report, which is a resource released by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. Also known as â€Å"Our Common Future†, this report was published in 1987 in order to provide environmental agencies and national governments with information on how to achieve an environmental condition that continuously supports itself (Mebratu, 1998). This report poses a number of potential conflicts, based on the principles that are governs. Firstly, the term sustainable development is largely anthropocentric, which thus focuses on the needs of the population and less on the ecosystem or natural condition. It may be possible that the requirements of the ecosystem may not be fully addressed, including that of the carrying capacity of a habitat in supporting a defined population size. Sustainable development is also focused on maximizing the potential of production of a particular produc t and thus despite the efforts of avoiding any serious perturbations to the ecosystem (Bestor, 2001). It is thus still possible that the optimal conditions for growth and maturation of an ecosystem could be hindered and ultimately not achieved by the principles supported by this concept (Farrell and Hart, 1998). Sustainable living pertains to a lifestyle that campaigns for the activities that would maintain the natural resources and the environment (Norton, 2005). One of the most visible activities associated with sustainable living is the reduction of fossil fuels and other air pollutants to the environment.

Marco Trend Analysis of Smartphones in the Telecommunication Industry Research Paper

Marco Trend Analysis of Smartphones in the Telecommunication Industry - Research Paper Example A competitive environment therefore is affected by the following six macro trends: Demographic, sociocultural, economic, technological, regulatory and natural environment (Mullins & Walker, 2010). This paper will analyze the macro trends that affect the smartphones in the telecommunication industry and how the trends might impact the successful marketing of the smartphones by different telecommunication companies. The first macro trend is technological trend such that the telecommunication industry has to keep up with latest technology in the market. Many customers in the western world do not only buy smartphones but buy them keeping in mind the latest operating systems and other features that are make the devices perform better and faster. Statistics showed that demand for smartphones in Europe and the U.S stalled in 2011 because many customers waited for the flagship of devices that featured the latest versions of key operating systems. Slowdowns are also seen in Asian and Latin Am erica of about 23.9% compared to last year 28.2%. This figure show the leading provider of smartphones, Nokia, as other companies trailed behind (Wall St. Cheat Sheet, 2011). This trend is seen to go on for the coming decade and this is because of the new technologies that emerge every year such as Symbian systems, android systems, windows systems and increased processing capabilities and power. The second trend is the sociocultural trend such that we have witnessed the growth of the mobile phones from the texting and calling only device to a device that has helped us connect with friends and family all over the world. Social networking, gaming and shopping are part and parcel of our daily lives. The smartphones have changed how people engage in these activities. At the moment many smartphones allow for instant communication both through text and video. In five years’ time, with the development of the 3G and 4G lite technologies, will see the smartphones take advantage of thi s and bring video conferencing to the phone. Many companies will need to adapt to the change in the industry and focus on how to best meet the social needs of the people. The third trend is the economic trend where a look at the previous three two years show a decline in the sale of smartphones because of the economic recession. Many people opted to buy budget phones because of increased prices that they could not manage. People’s spending reduced as the impact of the recession took toll on them. The market of smartphones declined. In the coming years the economy in many parts of the world is picking up and more people are bound to buy smartphones. This is because companies have realized the need for the people in the lower end of the market to own such products in order to build the economy. Many have come up with smartphones that are cheap and affordable. A good example is the Nokia C3 smartphone and the ZTE Blade. These phones have the latest technology at reduced prices ( Mohapi, 2011). The trend is seen to continue with many of these companies wanting to penetrate other untapped markets such as Africa. Increased sales will be seen in these areas if the smartphones will be cheaper as is the trend now. The above identified trends will affect the marketing of smartphones in one way or another. Marketers need to come up strategies

Business Ethics opinion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Ethics opinion paper - Essay Example It is against the law for an employer to discriminate against people on other factor other than disqualification especially those with disabilities. I agree that discrimination can both be institutional or at individual level. I believe that people can discriminate by stereotyping or on personal prejudice. I understand that other people can unconsciously or thoughtlessly discriminate at workplace while trying to accept the traditions, norms or stereotypes. For instance, an employer can look at women and assume that they should be at home taking care of their families and become biased in making decisions on hiring women to the workplace. Focusing on this example, I suggest that organizations should provide materials and training to avert such situations by condemning actions of stereotyping in the workplace since both men and women have the same opportunity and knowledge of taking up responsibility in any company (Roth 46). Sometimes institutions can intentionally and explicitly discriminate against certain groups. On institutional-based discrimination, I strong believe stern and severe action should be taken to mitigate discrimination to provide examples and curb against discrimination. I strongly disregard institutions that when hiring disrespect people like older employees, marginalized tribes, other sexes or the young in the society. For instance, where a black man is forced to work in the kitchen where he cannot be seen by customers who are believed to be white, I strongly condemn this action since it is against the human rights of the black man. I am of the view that employers should give an opportunity to the black man to undertake responsibilities in the where the whites are working in the restaurant as long as he has the qualifications for the job (Roth 46). My study on general statistics and evidence on occupational discrimination have proved that women worker were the most discriminated whereby they

Eco-Centric Valuation of Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eco-Centric Valuation of Nature - Essay Example The source document of the definition of sustainable development is the Brundtland Report, which is a resource released by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. Also known as â€Å"Our Common Future†, this report was published in 1987 in order to provide environmental agencies and national governments with information on how to achieve an environmental condition that continuously supports itself (Mebratu, 1998). This report poses a number of potential conflicts, based on the principles that are governs. Firstly, the term sustainable development is largely anthropocentric, which thus focuses on the needs of the population and less on the ecosystem or natural condition. It may be possible that the requirements of the ecosystem may not be fully addressed, including that of the carrying capacity of a habitat in supporting a defined population size. Sustainable development is also focused on maximizing the potential of production of a particular produc t and thus despite the efforts of avoiding any serious perturbations to the ecosystem (Bestor, 2001). It is thus still possible that the optimal conditions for growth and maturation of an ecosystem could be hindered and ultimately not achieved by the principles supported by this concept (Farrell and Hart, 1998). Sustainable living pertains to a lifestyle that campaigns for the activities that would maintain the natural resources and the environment (Norton, 2005). One of the most visible activities associated with sustainable living is the reduction of fossil fuels and other air pollutants to the environment.

Business Ethics opinion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Ethics opinion paper - Essay Example It is against the law for an employer to discriminate against people on other factor other than disqualification especially those with disabilities. I agree that discrimination can both be institutional or at individual level. I believe that people can discriminate by stereotyping or on personal prejudice. I understand that other people can unconsciously or thoughtlessly discriminate at workplace while trying to accept the traditions, norms or stereotypes. For instance, an employer can look at women and assume that they should be at home taking care of their families and become biased in making decisions on hiring women to the workplace. Focusing on this example, I suggest that organizations should provide materials and training to avert such situations by condemning actions of stereotyping in the workplace since both men and women have the same opportunity and knowledge of taking up responsibility in any company (Roth 46). Sometimes institutions can intentionally and explicitly discriminate against certain groups. On institutional-based discrimination, I strong believe stern and severe action should be taken to mitigate discrimination to provide examples and curb against discrimination. I strongly disregard institutions that when hiring disrespect people like older employees, marginalized tribes, other sexes or the young in the society. For instance, where a black man is forced to work in the kitchen where he cannot be seen by customers who are believed to be white, I strongly condemn this action since it is against the human rights of the black man. I am of the view that employers should give an opportunity to the black man to undertake responsibilities in the where the whites are working in the restaurant as long as he has the qualifications for the job (Roth 46). My study on general statistics and evidence on occupational discrimination have proved that women worker were the most discriminated whereby they

The Mill on the Floss - Simbolistic approach Essay Example for Free

The Mill on the Floss Simbolistic approach Essay George Eliot was the male pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans (she would later call herself Marian), born on November 22, 1819 at Arbury Farm in Warwickshire. Her father, Robert Evans, was an overseer at the Arbury Hall estate, and Eliot kept house for him after her mother died in 1836. The Mill on the Floss involves many autobiographical details, and it reflects Eliots close childhood relationships with her father and her older brother Isaac. The Floss is a somewhat difficult symbol to track, as it also exists for realistic effect in the workings of the novel. On the symbolic level, the Floss is related most often to Maggie, and the river, with its depth and potential to flood, symbolizes Maggies deeply running and unpredictable emotions. The rivers path, nonexistent on maps, is also used to symbolize the unforseeable path of Maggies destiny. St. Ogg, the legendary patron saint of the town, was a Floss ferryman. One night a woman with a child asked to be taken across the river, but the winds were high and no other boaters would take her. Only Ogg felt pity for her in her need and took her. When they reached the other side, her rags turned into robes, and she revealed herself to be the Blessed Virgin. The Virgin pronounced Oggs boat safe to all who rode in it, and she sat always in the prow. The parable of Ogg rewards the human feeling of pity or sympathy. Maggie has a dream during her night on the boat with Stephen, wherein Tom and Lucy row past them, and Tom is St. Ogg, while Lucy is the Virgin. The dream makes explicit Maggies fear of having neglected to sympathize with those whom she hurts during her night with Stephen (and also, perhaps, her fear that they will not sympathize with her in the future). But it is Maggie, finally, who stands for St. Ogg, as she rows down river thinking only of Toms safety during the flood in a feat of almost miraculous, divinely-protected effort. Especially in the early books of The Mill on the Floss, Tom, and especially Maggie, are associated with animal imagery. The imagery is usually of farm-type animals—ponies, dogs, ducks—and usually points to the characters capacity for affection or non-adherence to social convention. Following Darwin, Eliot uses this imagery also to gesture toward the wider relation between humans and animals that can be especially seen in young children. Thus, when Maggie and Tom reconcile in Chapter IV of Book First, the narrator points out, We [adults] no longer approximate in our behaviour to the mere impulsiveness of the lower animals, but conduct ourselves in every respect like members of a highly civilized society. Maggie and Tom were still very much like young animals. The motif of darkness and lightness of women—meaning their eyes, hair, or skin—is often used to emphasize the uniqueness of Maggies appearance. The motif of darkness and lightness connects to the motif of the distinctions between the Dodsons and the Tullivers—the Tullivers have darker skin, while the Dodsons have lighter skin. The Dodsons, and indeed, all of St. Oggs, respect or covet Lucy Deanes fair appearance. Her lightness is also prized in a larger cultural arena, and, in Book Fourth, Maggie becomes frustrated by the traditional plot lines in which the light, blond women live happily ever after in love. Maggies family views her darkness as ugly and unnatural, yet by the end of the novel, it has made men perceive Maggie as more beautiful because her darkness is a rarity. Eliot depicts Maggies eyes as her most striking feature. All men (including Philip, Bob Jakin, and Stephen) notice her eyes first and become entranced. Maggies eyes are a symbol of the power of emotion she contains—the depth of feeling and hunger for love that make her a tragic character. This unique force of character seems to give her power over others, for better or for worse. In Book First, Maggie is associated with Medusa, the monster who turns men to stone by looking at them. Maggies eyes compel people, and different characters reactions to them often reflect the characters relationship with Maggie. Thus, Philip, who will become Maggies teacher, in a sense, and first love, notices that her eyes were full of unsatisfied intelligence, and unsatisfied, beseeching affection. Bob Jakin, who views Maggie as superior to him and a figure of whom to be in awe, reports that Maggie has such uncommon eyes, they looked somehow as they made him feel nohow. Finally, Stephen, who will exploit the inner struggle that Maggie has felt for the entire novel, notices that Maggies eyes are full of delicious opposites.

Leaders are Born, Not Made Essay

Leaders are Born, Not Made Essay Assignment Topic-2: Leaders are born, not made. Discuss the statement with reference to leadership framework currently in us in organisations. Introduction: The establishment of relationship between followers and leaders that focus on real changes and outcomes that reflects through shared purposes is basically leadership. Leadership also involves in creating change not only in maintaining status quote. Another leadership important feature is to bring people and make them understanding to come together around a common vision and to bring change about desired future. In many aspects, the importance of leadership is vital without it families, communities and as well as organisations would go down apart. In other sense, the way of improving efficiency, morale, customer service and performance is the critical aspect of leadership. It is also essential for the organisations to handle critical situation and lead that effectively and only a good leader with good leadership ability can lead team successfully. There are different styles of leadership basically it is way the person deals with that in order to stay alive in his or her position. Thes e are authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire. In authoritarian leadership style, leader holds all the power and responsibilities. In this style, employees are assigned to specific task by the leader and expect to get it done orderly. In laissez-faire leadership style, leader gives power to employees. There are two or more alternative decisions taken by leader, employees can choose any of them from there it depends up to them. In democratic leadership styles, leader gives more importance on employees and tries to encourage them and shows attention to individuals. Current structure of leadership: A good considerate of leadership requires a gathering of ideas and we regrettably cannot fallback on a simple theory to explain it. We will have to discuss that how leadership can fit within the organisation instead of engaging in conversation. The organisations have a structure to work form through reaching an agreement about leadership. Organisation must have to be comprehensive for everyone to become a leader. Leaders need to be relational, it would only be possible because of the reason there is a spiritual side to leadership. Leaders must have strong spiritual convictions and beliefs to establish a base for their personal value systems. This translates into relinquishing one-self to others and it works best when the leader is compelled to work on things that represent his or her deepest values. These values can be moral based on values that are outside the organization or ethical values within the organization. Therefore, leaders must be very much grounded in dealing with valu es -struggling with a tension between change and stability what works and what does not work.  [1]   Arguments in support of Leaders are born not made: Historically there are many leadership approaches that linked with different theories of leadership. It can be discussed through nature verses nature deliberate. The Great man theory and Trait Theory represented the best nature argument related to above statement. Great Man theory of leadership: 1900s: This is the earliest theories of leadership. At that time most of the researchers believed that leaders are born, not made. In Great Man theory, describes that the main secrets of a great leader lies in being born great. It gives importance on the study of all the great leaders who were great, may be they are from aristocracy or from the lower classes but they had the opportunities to lead. By finding out those people who did great things such as Nepolean, Hitler, Curchill if we go further back then Lord Krisna, Gesus and Hazrat Mohammad were very easy to point out them. According to Great Man theory, it considers that leaders must have inherent capacity for leadership that leaders are born not made. This theory often depict great leaders are brave, mythic and intended to rise leadership when needed. Leaders must have some qualities like good commanding power, cleverness, good character, courage, self-possession; fierceness and expressiveness by born that cant be possessed through learning or through particular taught programmes. Trait Theories of Leadership: 1900s-1940: Trait theories are similar to Great Man theories in some ways. It assumes that leaders must possess general traits or personal features that they get by born and common to all and create them better matched to leadership. In Trait Theory of leadership just tried to find traits of well-known leader that were frequent. Sometimes Trait theories recognize exacting personality and behavioural features shared by leaders. This approach was based on the scheme that is individuality and personal intrinsic worth that distinguish successful leader form everyone else. In 1994, Yukl conducted research on traits and skills and linked to organisational effectiveness. These were: energy and pressure patience, self-possession, inner locus of control, emotional maturity, worthiness, supremacy inspiration, reaching orientation, need for affiliation. Arguments opposite to Leaders are born not made: The other leadership theories explain social and contextual perspective like Behavioural Theories, Situational Theories, and Normative theories, transactional and transformational Theories. The Behavioural theories assume that leaders are made not born. Mainly Behavioural theory focuses on leaders action not upon internal state and mental qualities. Behavioural Theories of Leadership: In this theory mainly focus on behaviour of leaders in the direction of the followers and this became a leading mode of leadership approaching within the organisation. Diverse patterns of manners were grouped together and categorized as styles. These activities of management through training became very famous. Basically these styles are- Task concern: Here leaders give important on objectives accomplishment through high level productivity, and ways to manage people and activities for achieving those objectives. People concern: Here leaders focus on their followers as people what their needs, interests, what their problems, how it can be development and so on. They are not simply units of production or means to an end. Directive leadership: This style is considered by leaders make decisions for others and desiring all the followers or subordinates will pursue that directions. Participative leadership: Here leaders take part in decision-making by sharing among others. (Wright 1996: 36-7) Situational Theories of Leadership: In situational theories of leadership gives more importance on the different situations like where the task to be accomplished, fit surrounded by personalities, power and perceptions. Effectiveness of leadership relies on those situations. These situational theories are also called Contingency theories because this Theory is reliant upon the requirements or the status of the situations. The Hersey Blanchard Theory: This situational theory developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard and it focuses on activity and operational environment of the organisation. Their main approach was that followers will always get favour from the leader about their willingness to do the job. In this approach leaders have to understand about the followers properly and have to identify their stage of development and according to that apply the leadership style. With taking help from Ohio State studies and develop four leadership styles that is available for managers- Directing or telling Coaching or selling Participating or supporting Delegating Directing or telling: Job responsibilities is defined by the leader and inform to followers about when to do that and where to do it and how can it be done. Coaching: Its a two way communication here leader gives supportive direction to followers and sometimes ask for ideas or suggestion from followers as well. Supporting or participating: The leader and follower share in decision accordingly to achieve a maximum values like what will be the best to compete with high worth job Delegating: Followers get little support from the leaders. Implications of this theory: one problem is that it does not matter how hard leaders try but they are against to change from one style to another. + Supportive Coaching Supportive behaviour Delegating Telling Directive behaviour + Figure: Different styles 1960s-70: In Contingency/situational theory argues-what leaders perform that can be determined by that situations and that behaviors must be related with that environmental situations in hand. A good situational leader can only apply different leadership styles with the changing situations. The best action taken by the leader depends on of the leader depends on a range of situational factors. How the model works simply to achieve results: Identification of detailed job and task Asses present performance Corresponding leader response Different leadership styles could influence by the wide range of variables depending on the different environmental situations and it creates an impact on leader behaviour, in which leader can function. There are some critical contingencies like organisational volume, complexity in task, maturity of worker and so many others. According to situational theory, situational factors are limited and vary according to that contingency and specified behaviour of leader can only work in certain kind of situations not for all. There are three most prominent theories of contingency- Path-Goal theory Feidlers Contingency theory The Vroom-Yettons model Path-Goal theory: In this theory according to House; 1971: mainly focus on leaders motivational function and it can be enhanced by increasing individual payoffs to subordinates for work goal achievement, gain personal satisfaction by escalating opportunities. According to these theories key occupier is that the effectiveness can be measured through the behaviours of different leaders that will be influenced by situational variables. Fiedlers Contingency theory: In 1971, Feidler proposed clarification on that how group performance can be affected through the relations of leadership orientation, group setting and job characteristics. Leaders situation can measure though various extents like relationships between leaders and members, structure of job and position power. The relationship between leader and member: This refers to how the leader is liked by the group members. When good relationship exists between leaders and members then all are get high satisfaction in work and organisations values is achieved through individual values. If the relation is going badly then there is lack of common trust. Another important term group cohesiveness, it is very difficult to make all the employees work together when it low. The Vroom-Yettons model of leadership: This model is widely used in the development of leadership in corporate centre and also gets enough support from practitioners. The most important aspects of this model is that legitimates both the autocratic and democratic leader behaviour and matching that is suitable in meticulous situations. This model also provides fruitful information about what would be the perfect time of using groups or opposed to personality decision making. This model has some limitations like leaders are always have to take decision in choosing of leadership styles, it considers each decision in term of situation but it does not depend on previous factor. Transactional Theories: This approach of leadership was most popular at that time and this is defined by Gibson, Ivancevich and Donnelly. It has some similar features with situational theories. Its a kind of leadership where leaders find out what the need of followers to achieve organisational performance as a means of rewards. In this theory has several assumptions like it motivates people through reward and get punishment for the cause of mistakes, followers know what they have to do according to direction for the purpose of getting rewards. Sometimes they use management by exception techniques. The transactional leader sometimes use Path-Goal theory as a framework but leader take all the responsibilities for setting goals, mission for gaining effectiveness. Transformational Theories: Followers are motivated and inspired by the transformation leaders and to achieve results more than desired. This is the most recent theories of leadership. This leadership ability based on different personality factors like charisma, person attention and rational recreation. There are several effects of transformational leadership defined by Bernard Bass and Bruce Avolio (1994) .These are as follows:- Motivating others to involve them in work from new perception Consciousness about what the mission of the organisation Developing ability of others to achieve performance at exceeds level Involved in determining the benefits of the organisations by motivating the beyond their attention as they could have. Theory X and Theory Y of Leadership: In 1960, Douglus and McGregor described this leadership theory that the activities of leaders are based on their thinking and considerations about the individuals at work. He also described the behaviour of leaders in two contrasting sets of bliefs.These are theory X and Theory Y. The assumptions of Theory X: Average individual do not like work and avoid if they can Individual need to keep pushing for achieving desired objectives by directing, controlling and threatening through giving punishment This approach can take actions The assumptions of Theory Y: People will work in their own responsibilities and control according to how they are committed. In common people have some qualities like creativeness and imaginativeness The average individuals are not only accepted but look for objectives. Charismatic Leadership: This theory is defined by Max Weber and mainly focuses on leaders charismatic characteristics. Through these characteristics leaders influence the followers and they can change anything. It is not possible to access these qualities by ordinary people generally they are extraordinary. They are like magic leaders they got special power to handle complex situations. Leadership models: Leaders how they act and the way how they do that can be understood by the help of Leadership models. There are two models: the Four Framework Approach and the Managerial Grid.  [2]   Four Framework Approach In the Four Framework Approach, Bolman and Deal (1991) propose that leaders exhibit leadership behaviours in one of four types of frameworks: Structural, Human Resource, Political, or Symbolic. According to this model, leaders can be place into one of these four different frameworks and there are times when one approach is proper and times when it would not be. It also describes that styles may either efficient or inefficient depending on situations. It would be better not to rely on one of the four different approaches. It can explain by an example, for the period of major organisational change; Structural leadership style is more preferable than symbolic leadership style; when an organisation need strong growth at that time symbolic approach is far better than structural approach. So we need to be aware about using these approaches and its limitations. Structural Framework In structural framework, leaders are focuses on arrangement, strategy, environment, execution, experimentation, and alteration. It also describes the leaders as a social architect and their leadership is design and analyse. Human Resource Framework In human resource framework describes the effectual circumstances of leadership; the leader is a vehicle and servant whose leadership style is sustain, advocating, and empowerment. In other ways for an inefficient condition of leadership, the leader is a soft touch, whose leadership style is abandonment and deceit. Human Resource approaches leaders have faith in people and share their belief; they are perceptible and available; they empower, increase involvement, support, share their information, and move in decision making along into the organization. Political Framework In political framework, the leader is a campaigner, whose leadership style is alliance and building which best describes an effective leadership situation. In a useless leadership situation, the leader is a hustler; leadership style of leader is manoeuvring. Political leaders make clear what they desire and what they can get through assessing the allotment of power and interests; they assemble linkages to other stakeholders, use wiles first, and then use negotiation and oppression only if necessary. Symbolic Framework In symbolic approach gives priority on leadership style that leaders use for inspiration as an efficient situation. In other sense of inefficient leadership situation is leaders are fool and their styles of leadership is like smoke. Managerial Grid In 1985 according to the Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid, also recognized as the Leadership Grid describes two axes. Vertically it describes concern for people and horizontally describes concern for task. Both of these axes have range from 0 to 9. Majority of people plunge somewhere close to the centre of the two axes Middle of the Road. People can notch up on the extreme end of the scales by going to the extremes. There are four types of leadership styles by reaching to extremes; that is, Authoritarian strong on everyday jobs, puny on people related works Country Club strong on people related works, weak on everyday jobs Impoverished weak on everyday jobs, weak on people related works Team Leader strong on everyday jobs, strong on people related works Authoritarian Leader People who get this ranking are very much task related and are rigid on their workers. These types of leader always expect people to get work done about what they exactly said with no issue or debate. Team Leader These types of individual lead positively and influence all the team members to reach in highest potential, both as team members and as people. They encourage the team to reach team goals as efficiently as potential, while also working diligently to make stronger the bonds between the various members. Productive teams are lead by them successfully. Qualities of people in leadership positions: There are three levels of leadership positions in an organisation. These are strategic level, operational level and team level. A good leader should possess some good qualities to handle this position effectively and tactfully. These are as follows:- Good character Good personality Devotion Self confidence-this will help them to identify subordinates talent basically that will help the business to go up Good communication capability- it is very important for any business to run effectively without this it is impossible Good learner-it will help them to develop Risk taking ability Problem solving capability Relationships-this qualities need to maintain positive relationship in all areas Creative minded-this qualities help them to bring any change when there is esteem needs in order to sustain in the business for achieving high level of success Positive attitudes Servant leadership-decision making ability through considering the opinion attractiveness with business vision by stimulating the followers Bravery Innovative Good motivation power Leadership development initiatives: There are several practices which describe the best leadership development initiatives. Firstly, the good commitment between top leaders and managers and be highly regarded, associated with business strategy and resolute on the right business issues. Secondly, through the identification of successful leadership competencies. Thirdly, leadership development is more important than training of management. If leaders are effective in organisation then all levels of people in organisation steered up. Fourthly, need to apply leadership all levels of management. Fifthly, leadership development programme must include ongoing approach like assignments for development, meetings with overseas counterparts, case studies etc. Finally, the successful incorporation of talent management.  [3]   Examples of Starbucks company leadership: In the history of Starbucks growth Howard Schultz was the greatest leader. In 1982, when Starbucks was going to decline after introducing in the market. At that time Howard Schultz was get appointed as a new CEO for Starbucks and accelerated the whole to become a global brand worldwide. In my opinion he just transforms everything within a short time. He made people understand that selling a cup of coffee in Starbucks is a lifestyle familiarity, unlike any other cafà ©. He applied leadership contingency approach to make changes in organisational settings. Under Schultzs leadership, the company has achieved a number of milestones. Starbucks was one of the first privately held companies in North America to offer two unique benefits to its partners (employees). He mainly focused on customers and made them understand their needs.  [4]   Conclusion: At the end we can conclude by summarising on that leaders are born, not made. In early age of Leadership they thought that leader should posses some special talent in born. That cannot be possessed through learning, or developed though training. They didnt consider the positions as well as they were only born to lead. In current research on leadership focused on the personality trait of leader that should have. Now in our organisation all the leaders are well educated and properly trained. They have got the knowledge to handle the critical situations. Currently in compared to corporate sector, Most of the organisations now focusing on main diversity initiatives and it can tackle through behavioural approach of leadership. These diversity initiatives can only be implemented through behavioural approach in todays or tomorrows in the organisations. The quality of the leader is very important. The success of the company is fully depending on the good quality of the leader. s